【1】倍数表示法。
a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. +as
i h**e three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。
twice as much as
b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of…
the earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。
c. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍。
the production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2】 would rather do...than do
可理解为“宁愿……也不”。例如：
he would rather resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.
他宁可辞职也不干这种不正当的勾当。
would rather+从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型 would rather+从句，谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。其意为“宁愿……,还是…… 引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。
例 john wants to see me today. i would rather he came to tomorrow than today. 约翰今天想去看我。
我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表示过去而是表示将来)
【3】no sooner...than”、“hardly...when”和“scarcely...before”
以上三个句型的意思是“一……就”。应当注意的是，在以上句型中，句子的前半部分一般用过去完成时，而后半部则用一般过去时。该句型通常采用倒装语序。例如：
no sooner had i opened the cage than the little bird flew out.
scarcely (hardly) had i opened the cage before (when) the little bird flew out. 我一开笼小鸟就飞出去了。
4】 anything but”、“nothing but”和 “all but”
英语中，“anything but”=never, “nothing but”=only, “all but”=almost, nearly。例如：
he is anything but a scientist.他决不是科学家。
i am nothing but a student.我不过是个学生。
he is all but a fool.他几乎是个傻瓜。
5】“superior to”、“inferior to”、“senior to” 和“junior to”
以上几个形容词表示比较时后面用“to”不用“than” superior to”意思是优于，高于；
inferior to”意思是次于 ；
senior to ”意思是年长于，地位高于；
junior to”意思是年幼于，地位低于，迟于。
6】不定式用法。
作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。
例如：my work is to clean the room every day.
作定语。不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。
例如：i h**e a lot of work to do.
作状语。to… only to (却……)in order to, so as to, (如此……以便……)
he ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
7】先行词为不定代词everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing。
finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen.
先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，用that。
this is the best book (that) i’ve ever read.
先行词被the only，the very，the last 修饰时，用that。
he is the only person that i want to see now.
8】which引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词，也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。
1. she heard a terrible noise, _
brought her heart into her mouth.
a. it b. which c. this d. that
2. the weather turned out to be good,__was more than we could expect.
a. what b. which c. that d. it
9】“of + which/whom”可用来限定名词、代词、分数词、数词等。
1. in the dark street, there wasn’t a single person __she could turn for help.
a. that b. who c. from whom d. to whom
2. he paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of __hadn’t been cleaned for at least a these b. those c.
that d. which
10】as/which 引导非限定性定语从句。
1）关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。
as we all know, the earth is round.
she has been late again, as was expected.
2）如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。
tom has made great progress, which made us happy.
3）当与such或the same连用时，一般用as。
such books as you tell me are interesting.
11】 分词的否定式。
not + 分词。
not h**ing received his letter, he decided
to call him.
not knowing his address, she cannot get
in touch with him.
12】分词作作宾语补足语。
分词作宾语补足语，要看分词与宾语的关系。若为。
主动关系，则用现在分词；若为被动关系，则用过。
去分词。when i went into the classroom, i saw all the classmates writing composition according to what the teacher said.
he had his leg injured in the basketball match yesterday.
13】 现在分词作状语时，它逻辑上的主语必须与句子的主语一致。
walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful.（wrong）
walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers.（right）
standing on the tower , the whole village could be seen. (wrong)
standing on the tower, we could see the whole village. (right)
seen from the tower, the village looks very beautiful.
compared with the business card, the electronic dictionary is a little bigger.
14]主语从句。
引导词有连词that (that 不可省),whether; 代词有who, what ,which;副词 when ,where, how, why 等。主语从句一律用陈述句语序，即主语在前，谓语在后。连接词that在从句中无实际意义，但不能省略。
whether可以引导主语从句，但if不能。 whoever, whatever, whichever等词可以引导主语从句， 但no matter who, no matter what 等不能。
如 he is a famous singer is known to us.
it is known to us that he is a famous singer.)
he will go to america is not yet fixed.
it is not yet fixed when he will go to america.)
15]whether和if都可以引导宾语从句。
但： (1).当whether后紧跟or not时，不用if.
例： i don’t know whether i will stay or not.
2).介词后面的宾语从句不能用if.
例： i worry about whether i hurt her feeling.
16]表语从句。
the problem is that we didn’t get in touch with him.
this is how henry solved the problem.
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