toefl写作整理。
首段写法：1．背景句：（1）定义法句型：适用于物做主题的句型。
topic,a/an+同位语（表本质）+定语从句，hasbecome/beenpopular/
indispensable/essential/crucialinpeople’sdailylife(ineverycornerofpeople’slife). has aroused/ attached much attention/ popularity)
2)背景法：适用于各种句型。
主题+has
become/playedanimportant/significant/essential/indispensablerole/part in every corner of people's daily life.
debated/ disputed/ discussed/ controversial/ debatable/ disputable/+aboutthat+主题。
c .伴随状语：with the considerable dramatic development/ advancement/
progress/ improvement/ promotion of/ in+(科学、教育、经济、社会、安全)，anincreasing/growing/risingnumber/amountof+主题+has/h**earoused/attachedpublicconcern.
d.倒装句：recently/presently/currently,thereisapopulardebate/
argument/ dispute,/ controversy/ discussion about that/whether+从句。
e.被动句：contemporarily/inrecentyears,agreatemphasis/concern/
attention has been placed/ put on/ to+主题。2.过渡句：原则：改写题目观点。
方法：1.换词：同义词替代、词性转换。
2.换句型：主被动转换、强调句型、倒装句型。
常用句型：1. there is a perception/ perspective considering that……
others argue/ proclaim/ advocate that……
3. some people put/ hold that……,while a counter-argument presents
that……/while others object to/ reject it.3.主题句：表明立场：支持、反对、让步。
pros：（1）i completely/ extremely agree that……（2）i am convinced that……
3）i subscribe to the notion that……（4）i concede to the opinion that……
5）it is possible for me to accept that……
6）it is obvious/ conspicuous/ apparent/ prominent/ reasonable that……（7）there is much evidence to show that……
8）there is a considerable possibility to support that……cons：（1）i firmly/ totally disagreed that……
2）i am unconvinced/ not convinced that……
3）it’sdifficult/ impossible for me to accept that……（4）it’sunbelievable/ inconceivable/ incredible that……（5）it’sunjustifiable/ unreasonable to say that……
6）there is little/ no evidence to show/ support/ that……
7）there is a slight possibility/ like hood/ probability that……
让步立场：（1）although……h**e/ has certain positive effects in……to……，the negative
impactsin……appearsmoreprominent/influential/conspicuous.
2）although……h**e/ has certain positive effects in……to……，the negative
impactsin……cannever/bynomeans/onnoaccountbeignored/ neglected.
3）although……h**e/hascertainpositiveeffectsin……to……，byno
means/onnoaccount/canthenegativeimpactsin……beignored/ neglected.
4）although……h**e/ has certain positive effects in……to……，its negative
impacts in……h**e/ has/ receive/ arouse the priority.
中间段写法：
结构：a. main idea.(one sentence only)
b. supporting sentences(3~4 sentences)
main ideas:支持立场：正+正+正反对立场：反+反+反让步立场：正+反+反。
main idea 1: it can be noted that……
it is quite normal/usual/possible/common that……it is not unbelievable/incredible/inconceivable that……it is undoubted that/undeniable/indisputable that……it is universally acknowledged that……
it is obvious/apparent/prominent/identifiable/conspicuous that……main idea 2: meanwhile, there is no doubt that……
positive)additionally, there is no denying the fact that……
in addition, there is much evidence to show/indicate/support that……
furthermore, there is a considerable possibility/like hood/probability that……another significant factor to support/highlight……is that……main idea 3: despite its importance/significance, i tend to concede that……
negative)on the negative side, we must admit/accept that……by contrast, it has been agreed / admitted that……in comparison, we h**e to recognize the fact that……however, the strongest argument against……is that……on the contrary, it can’t be neglected / ignored that……supporting ideas:explaining解释法。
extending推理法。
exemplifying举例论证法contrasting正反对比论证法sorting分类论证法。
1.解释法：即解释中心句的具体含义：what/how/why常用词：precisely/specifically更精确的说。
that is to say,by this i mean that……in other words,……to be more precise,……
here i am referring to the fact that……
2.推理法：即假如之上条件成立，会得出什么样的结果常用词：
in this case/sense,if this is the case,indeed/in fact/actually/in actual fact
naturally/apparently/obviously/prominently/remarkably/identificably，……generally/definitely/undoubtedly,……under the circumstance of……
with the importance/appearance/positive effect/impacts/influences of……3.举例论证法：即用具体的人或事来证明这一理论或观点。
常用词：such as/just like/just as/namely/including/especially/particularly/peculiarly+短语（n.）
for example/instance, take……as an example/illustration+句子。
a typical/standard/reasonable/identifiable example of this is that……举例不宜情况：不要列举数据，除非表明出处——数据应模糊化。不要写自己或朋友的生活经历——个人改为整体、
中国式的例子（古代名人、事迹或现象）——个别现象应该为普遍现象。总结：举例要有概括性，不能太具体。
4.正反对比论证法：即把中心句分成正反两方面对比论证。常用词：in comparison, by/i n contrast
on the contrary, on the other hand/side
on the counter part, however/nevertheless/contrarily5.分类法：即将论点按一定标准分类说明。
常用词：首先：initially/on the one hand/first of all/in the first place/to begin with其次：
subsequently/ontheotherhand/inaddition/foranother
thing/following this
再次：besides/additionally/moreover/furthermore
结论段：原则：总结主体部分main ideas:
1.重申立场。
2.提出建议或解决办法3.让步法总结分支观点。
4.不要加入新观点。
结尾常用连贯词：in conclusion/summary/brief/short/general/a word
to conclude/sum up/summarize
briefly/consequently/finally/ultimately/overall
重申法句型：
draw(reach/come to/arrive at), the conclusion that……
in summary, taking into account all these factors,……consequently, judging from all evidence offered,……
2. in brief, all the evidence (analyze) supports (justifies/confirms/warrants/points to)
an unshakable/u****takable conclusion that……
建议法句型：1. it is high time that……placed(put/attached) great(special/considerable) emphasis
ontheimprovement(development/advancement/increase/promotion/progress)of……（主题）
attention/concern must becalled(paid/devoted) to doing……
让步法句型： a is superior to b in……，but a pales as compared with b in……
spite of the fact that a has made a great difference/contribution to……（has given variety/rise/a push to……）it means/sounds nothing when comparedwith b in some aspects.
appear more prominent in……
格式：顶格写；段落之间空一行。
TOEFL写作必备形容词
absorbing a.吸引人的，有趣的。affluent a.丰富的，富裕的。advantageous a.有利的。appealing a.吸引人的。abundant a.丰富的，充裕的。admirable a.令人羡慕的，美妙的。beneficial a.有益的，有使用权的。content a....
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