语法(词法)
英语中常见的几类词有:名词,代词,冠词,数词,形容词、副词,介词。
名词】名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词,可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是:
人的名字 ,地方名称 ,职业称呼 ,物品名称 ,行为名称 ,抽象概念
1.名词的可数与不可数。
可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量,它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目,来统计,都成为不可数名词。
不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量,没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念,就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词,在英语里却不可数。
如:chalk,*****,bread,rice,grass,news等。
2.名词的复数。
1)规则变化。
a.一般情况下加-s。
b.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es。
如:bus---buses,box---boxes,watch---watches,brush---brushes
c.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es。
如:city---cities,country---countries
d.以f,fe结尾的,去掉f或fe,变成v再加-es。
2)不规则变化。
a.元音发生变化。
如:man---men,woman---women,foot---feet,tooth---teeth,mouse---mice
b.词尾发生变化。
如:child---children
c.单、复数同形。
如:fish---fish,japanese---japanese,chinese---chinese,sheep---sheep
3.物质名词(不可数名词)量的表示方法。
1)用much,a little,a lot of等表示。
2)用容器表示。
a bowl of rice,a glass of water,a cup of tea,a piece of *****, two glasses of milk,two pieces of *****
4.名词的所有格。
1) 名词所有格的构成法
a.单数名词词尾加’ s,复数名词词尾若没有s,也要加’ s。
the worker's bike,the children’ s ball
b.表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后’ s。如:
this is lucy and licy’ s room.
these are kate's and jack’ s rooms.
c. 如果是通过在词尾加s构成的复数形式的名词,只加’。如:
the students’ books,the girls’ blouses
2)名词+of+名词: 名词是有生命的,我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。如:
the legs of the desk,the door of the room
但在表示名词所有格时,’ s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加’s来构成所有格。如:
ten minutes' walk,today's news*****
3)双重所有格。
所谓“双重所有格(doublegenitive)”,是指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即“of+名词所有格”。双重所有格有以下几个特征:
1)“of+名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人,不能表示事物。因此,我们可以说:aplayof shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧),afriendofmywife’s(我妻子的一个朋友),但却不能说afunneloftheship’s或alegofatable’s,而且该名词必须是特指的,不能是泛指的。
比如我们可以说,afriendofthedoctor’s(这位医生的一个朋友),anovelofthewriter’s(那位作者的一部**),而不能说afriendofadoctor’s或anovelofawriter’s。
选择正确答案。
1. there are forty __in our school.
a. women teachers b .teacher women c. woman teachers d. women teacher
2. mr. li is one of __in the hospital.
a. most popular doctors b. the most popular doctors
c. most popular doctor d. the most popular doctor
3. the sign "no photos" means that you can't __
a. take pictures b. bring in pictures c. buy any photos d. sell any photos
4. some of the boys in __are afraid of maths exams.
a. class three b .the class three c. three class d .the three class
5. h**e you got any __for us this time?
a. pieces of message b. piece of messages
c. pieces of messages d. messages
6those mountains will be covered with trees.
a. in a few years time b. after a few years time
c. in a few years’ time d. after a few years time
7. hong kong is an sar while macao is another. so there are __in china.
a. both sar b. both sars c. two sar d. two sars
8. look! there are __stars up there in the __
a. thousands of; sky b. thousands of; air
c. thousand of; sky d. thousand of; air
9. my father lived in __for some ten years.
a. city beijing b. the beijing city c. beijing of city d. the city of beijing
10. just from the __i know it's liu minjun.
a. noise b. voice c. sound d .sing
11. —where are the other two students?
they're in __
a. teacher's office b. teachers' office
c. the teacher office d. the teachers' office
12. —how many __h**e you next term?
let me see. we'll h**e eight.
a. lesson b. subjects c. days d. class
13. my uncle's full name is d**id edward hartpode. his family name is __
a. edward b. hartpode c. d**id d. d**id hartpode
14. he writes more carefully than __in his class.
a. any student b. any other student c. any other students d. all students
15. this new kind __can do half the work.
a. of tractor b. tractor c. of a tractor d. a tractor
16. john is very happy to h**e a __training.
a. two weeks b. two-month c. two-weeks d. two-months
17. my brother is always careless. he always makes __
a. mistakes b. mistake c. mistook d. some mistake
18. mr. green is nearly __
a. two metres high b. two metres tall c. high two metres d. tall two metres
19. mr. smith is an __
a. english b. english man c. englishman d. englishmen
20. a group of __are talking with two __
a. frenchmen; germans b .frenchmen; germen
c. german; frenchmen d germans; frenchmans
代词】代词可以分为以下七大类:
1.人称代词
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