句型一主语+系动词+表语。
讲解] (1) 系动词的三种分类:表示“保持或状态”类的有be, remain, stay, keep, prove等;表示“变化”类的有grow, turn, get, become, fall, go, come等;表示“感官”类的有look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem, appear等。例如:
i am a senior school student while he is a junior one.
the story sounds interesting and instructive.
句型二主语+不及物动词。
讲解] (1)不及物动词不能直接加宾语。如agree, lie, work, argue, belong, come, go, reply等。
2) 不及物动词加一个介词后构成动词短语可以加宾语。如agree with, lie in, work at, belong to, come across, go to等。
3) 有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。如begin, sell, write, wash, answer, read等。例如:
the meeting begins at half past nine. (不及物动词)
the professor began his speech directly. (及物动词)
the books of this kind sell well and he will sell them.
第一个sell为不及物动词,而第二个是及物动词)。
句型三主语+及物动词+宾语。
1) i wrote a passage last night.
2) i doubt whether he will join us in the debate.
3) we missed going to college for that reason.
4) what he said touched me greatly.
句型四主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)
讲解] (1)双宾语指直接宾语与间接宾语。一般地说,宾语指人为间接宾语,宾语指物为直接宾语。例如:
my father bought me a car.(me为间接宾语,a car 为直接宾语)
2)如果直接宾语放在及物动词之后、间接宾语之前,那么两个宾语之间应有一个介词(to, for等)。
the teacher offered some advice on learning english to us.
the singer sang another song for us.
句型五主语+及物动词+复合宾语 (宾语+宾补)
讲解] 宾补是用来描述或说明宾语的动作、状态或特征。宾语是宾补的逻辑主语(暗含的主语)。宾补可由名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)等来充当。例如:
tom made the baby laugh. (不带to的不定式laugh作宾补)
tell him to follow the instructions. (不定式短语作宾补)
they made beijing the capital of the prc. (名词作宾补)
we saw the old man crossing the street when we walked. (现在分词短语作宾补)
i tried my best to make the lesson a lively one. (不定代词one作宾补)
what made you here? (副词作宾补)
we found ourselves in great trouble. (介词短语作宾补)
don’t le**e the machine working all day long. (现在分词短语作宾补)
i heard my name called.(过去分词作宾补)
独立主格结构的形式。
一类是:名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起,构成独立主格结构。
1. 名词/代词+不定式。如:
a house to be built, we must s**e every cent.
由于要建一座房子,我们必须节省每一分钱。
now here is li lei, wei fang to come tomorrow.
现在李蕾来了,魏方明天到。
2. 名词/代词+-ing分词。如:
the bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready.
汽车很快就要来了,我们应该把一切事情准备好。
mother being ill, li lei was very worried.
母亲病了,李蕾非常焦急。
3. 名词/代词+动词的过去分词。如:
his cup broken, he used his bowl instead.
茶杯破了,他就用碗来代替。
4. 名词/代词+形容词。如:
the ground muddy, we should be careful.
地面泞泥,我们应该小心。
5. 名词/代词+副词。如:
the class over, we all went out to play.
下课后,我们都出去玩。
6. 名词/代词+介词短语。
glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were.
手里拿着眼镜,他问他的眼镜哪去了。
另一类是:介词with/without后接名词或代词再跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起,构成独立主格结构。
1. with / without +名词或代词+形容词。
he spoke to us with his mouth full of food.
她口里含着食物跟我们说话。
2. with / without +名词或代词+副词。
he left the office with the lights on.
他离开了办公室,让灯亮着。
3. with / without +名词或代词+介词短语。
the engineer came with a notebook in his hand.
那个工程师手里拿着笔记本过来了。
4. with / without +名词或代词+ -ing分词。
don’t brush your teeth with water running.
不要在刷牙时让水流着。
5. with / without +名词或代词+动词不定式。
with so much work to do, the manager felt very worried.
这么多工作要做,经理觉得很焦急。
6. with / without +名词或代词+动词的过去分词。
with the road blocked, they had to turn back and ran round it in another way.
由于道路被堵,他们不得不转身从另一条路绕过去。
独立主格结构的句法功能。
独立主格结构在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。
1. 作时间状语。
school over, the students went home.
放学后,学生们都回家了。
the ceremony ended, the games began.
仪式结束后,比赛开始了。
2. 作条件状语。
it being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating.
如果明天天气好的话,我们就去划船。
li lei coming, it is not necessary to ask wu dong.
如果李蕾来的话,就没有必要叫吴东了。
3. 作原因状语。
the meeting being put off, we needn’t hurry.
由于会议推迟了,我们就没有必要匆忙了。
mr. li being ill, miss yang will give us this lesson instead.
***病了,杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。
4. 作伴随状语。
mr. li comes here, with a book in his hand.
李先生手里拿着书过来了。
a smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us.
她面带微笑问道我们要什么。
独立主格结构中的非谓语动词用法。
独立主格结构的基本形式中除了“名词或代词+形容词(副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等)”。还有“名词或代词+非谓语动词”这一结构。
1. 名词或代词+不定式。
其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。如:
nobody to come tomorrow, we will h**e to put off the meeting till next week.
如果明天没有人来,我们将把会议推迟到下周。
so many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.
有如此多的人来帮助他,他一定会成功的。
we divided the work, he to dean the window and i to sweep the floor.
我们分了工,他擦窗户,我扫地。
2. 名词或代词+现在分词。
其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行(或当时正在进行)。如:
she ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind.
她向我跑来,秀发在风中飘扬着。
we explored the c**es, peter acting as a guide.
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