英语虚拟语气精。
主讲人:高攀峰
虚拟语气。表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时,也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法,愿望,假想,猜测,怀疑或建议,而不是根据客观实际,就用虚拟语气。
内容。1.条件状语从句。
2.目的状语从句。
3.宾语从句。
4.其他用法。
各类用法。条件状语从句分类。
条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。
例如:if he doesn't hurry up,he will miss the bus.如果他不快点,他将错过巴士。( 真实)
if he is free,he will ask me to tell stories.如果他是空闲的,他会要求我讲故事。(真实)
if i were you,i would go at once.如果我是你,我马上就会去。(我不可能是你。非真实,虚拟语气)
if there were no air,people would die.如果没有空气,人就会死亡。(不可能没有空气。非真实,虚拟语气)
1、表示与现在事实相反的情况:
从句:if+主语+过去时(be动词用were)
主句:主语+should/would/could/might+do:
1.if i were you,i would take an umbrella.
如果我是你,我会带把伞。(事实:我不可能是你)
2.if i knew his telephone number,i would tell you.
如果我知道他的**号码,我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道)
3.if there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。(事实:地球上既有空气也有水)
4.if i had any money with me,i could lend you some.
如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。(事实:没有带钱)
5.if he studied harder,he might pass the exam.
如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了。(事实:没有努力)
6.she looked at me as if i had been a stranger.
她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。(事实:我并非陌生人)
7.if i were you, i'd wear a shirt and tie.
如果我是你,我就会穿衬衫和领带。(事实:我并不是你)
2、表示与过去事实相反的情况。
从句:if主语+had+done
主句:主语+should/would/could/might+h**e done
eg:1. if i had gotten there earlier,i should/could h**e met her. 如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。
事实:去晚了)
2.if he had taken my advice,he would not h**e made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。
事实:没有听我的话)
3、表示对将来情况的主观推测。
从句:①if+主语+were to do
if+主语+should+do
if+主语+did(动词过去式)/were
主句:主语+should/would/could/might+do
eg:1.if he should come here tomorrow,i would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。(事实:来的可能性很小)
2.if there were a he**y snow next sunday,we would not go skating.
如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。(事实:下雪可能性很小)
3.if she were to be here next monday,i would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。(事实:来的可能性很小)
4、 有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。
从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。
eg:if i had worked hard at school,i would be an engineer,too.
如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了。
if they had informed us,we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。
从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。
如:if he were free today,we would h**e sent him to beijing.
如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了。
if he knew her,he would h**e greeted her.
要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。
5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时,if可以省略,这时条件从句要用倒装语序,即把were,should,had等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语。eg:
should he agree to go there,we would send him there.
要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去。
were she here,she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。
had he learnt about computers,we would h**e hired him to work here.
如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在短语中,如without…,but for…等。
eg:but for his help,we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。
without your instruction,i would not h**e made such great progress.
要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。
we didn't know his telephone number,otherwise we would h**e telephoned him.
我们不知道他的**号码,否则我们就会给他打**。
7、 有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
省略从句。he would h**e finished it. 他本该完成了。
you could h**e passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。
省略主句。if i were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
if only i had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。
8.注意,在虚拟语气的从句中,动词be的过去时态一律用were,不用was。
eg:if i were you,i would go to look for him.
如果我是你,就会去找他。
目的状语从句。
1、在for fear that,in case,lest引导的从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:should + do。并且should能省略。
she examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in.
她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。
he started out earlier lest he (should) be late.
他早早的就出发了以防迟到。
2、在so that,in order that所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can / could / may / might / will / would / should + do。
he goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。
he read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字。
宾语从句。1]一、i wish后的宾语从句。
动词wish后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时;若表示与过去相反的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+h**e +过去分词;若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,用would (could)+动词原形。如:
i wish i could be of some use. 我希望我能有什么用处。
we wish he didn’t smoke. 我们希望他不吸烟。
i wish prices would come down. 我希望物价能降下来。
i wish the train would come. 我希望火车会来。
二、表示“坚持”后的宾语从句。
主要是指insist的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:
i insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。
he insisted that i (should) go with them. 他坚持要我同他们一起去。
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