①for+时段。
②since+过去一个时间点(译为:自从……以来)
③since+时段+ago
④since+从句(过去时)
●⑤it is+时段+since+从句(过去时)
* 以already, just和yet为标志
he has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。
he has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。
he hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。
* 以ever和never为标志
this is the best film i h**e ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
he has never been to beijing. 他从没有到过北京。
* 以动作发生的次数为标志。
he says he has been to the usa three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。
* 以so far(到目前为止)为标+before
he has got to beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。
she has passed the examso far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。
* ①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点(过去从句)为标志。
注意: 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday,last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能与when连用 2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用。
瞬间动词(buy,die,join,come,go ,le**e,join ……不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词。
buy---h**e borrow --keep
come/arrive/reach/get to---be in
go out---be out le**e --be away
begin---be on finish---be over
open---be open close --be closed
die---be dead
代替buy
my brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或h**e代替borrow
i h**e kept(不能用h**e borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
how long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用h**e a cold代替catch a cold
tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
★5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be+形容词”代终止性动词
1、be+married代marry 2、be+ill代fall (get) ill
3、be+dead代die 4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be+awake代wake/wake up 6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,le**e
7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be+副词”代终止性动词
1“be+on”代start,begin
2“be+up”代get up
3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表:
1. h**e arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.
→h**e been in sw./at…相应的介词。
2. h**e come/gone back/returned → h**e been back
3. h**e come/gone out →h**e been out
4. h**e become → h**e been
5. h**e closed / opened→ h**e been close/open
6. h**e got up → h**e been up;
7. h**e died → h**e been dead;
8. h**e left sw. →h**e been away from sw.
9. h**e fallen asleep/got to sleep → h**e been asleep;
10. h**e finished/ended/completed → h**e been over;
11. h**emarried → h**e been married;
12. h**e started/begun to do sth. →h**e done sth. ;
13. h**e begun → h**e been on
14. h**e borrowed/bought →h**e kept/had
15. h**e lost → h**en’t had
16. h**e put on →h**e worn
17. h**e caught /get a cold → h**e had a cold;
18. h**e got to know → h**e known
19. h**e/has gone to → h**e been in
20. h**e joined/h**e taken part in the league/the party/the army
h**e been a member of/ h**e been in/h**e been the party’s member/the league member/the soldier…
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