小升初必备语法：need/want/require/worth
注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。
your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
the floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
the book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
典型例题。the library needs___but it'll h**e to wait until sunday.
a. cleaning b. be cleaned c. clean d. being cleaned
答案a. need (实意) +n /to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选a。
如有to be clean 则也为正确答案。
典：done，"不可能已经"。must not do 不可以(用于一般现在时)。
小升初必备语法：let 的用法。
1)当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。
they let the strange go.--the strange was let go.
2) 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。
the nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
---i was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital
小升初必备语法：since的四种用法。
1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
i h**e been here since 1989.
2) since +一段时间+ ago
i h**e been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句。
great changes h**e taken place since you left.
considerable time has elapsed since we h**e been here.
4) it is +一段时间+ since从句。
it is two years since i became a postgraduate student
小升初必备语法：比较since和for
since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
i h**e lived here for more than twenty years.
i h**e lived here since i was born..
my aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
some new oilfields h**e been opened up since 1976.
i h**e known xiao li since she was a little girl.
my brother has been in the youth league for two years.
i h**e not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
i worked here for more than twenty years.
(我现在已不在这里工作。)
i h**e worked here for many years.
(现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门： 当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1) (对) tom has studied russian for three years.
= tom began to study russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (错) harry has got married for six years.
= harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 harry got married six years ago. 或 harry has been married for six years.
小升初必备语法：用于现在完成时的句型。
1)it is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
it is the first time that i h**e visited the city.
it was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)this is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。
this is the best film that i've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
this is the first time (that) i've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题。(1) -do you know our town at all?
---no, this is the first time i __here.
a. was b. h**e been c. came d. am coming
答案b. this is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选b。
(2) -h**e you __been to our town before?
---no, it's the first time i __here.
a. even, come b. even, h**e come c. ever, come d. ever, h**e come
答案d. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 this is the largest fish i h**e ever seen.
it is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)i h**e received his letter for a month.
(对)i h**en't received his letter for almost a month
小升初必备语法：比较过去时与现在完成时。
1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in october, just now, 具体的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：
this morning, tonight,this april, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语。
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, le**e, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：i saw this film yesterday.
(强调看的动作发生过了。)
i h**e seen this film.
(强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。)
why did you get up so early?
(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)
who hasn't handed in his *****?
(强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。)
she has returned from paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
she returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。
he has been in the league for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
he has been a league member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
he joined the league three years ago.
( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
i h**e finished my homework now.
---will somebody go and get dr. white?
---he's already been sent for.
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