unit1 friendship
1,be upset about/over/at sth.为某事心烦 sth. upset sb.某事使某人心烦意乱。
upset a plan/an arrangement打乱计划/安排 it upsets sb. that...让某人心烦的是。
2, calm (sb.) down(使某人)平静下来，镇静下来 stay/keep/be calm保持镇静。
3,be concerned about/over/for…关心/挂念 be concerned with/in…牵涉到，与…有关。
as far as…be concerned就……来说；就……而言（as far as i’m concerned）
concerning prep.关于 suffer from遭受；患病。
4,add…to…把……添加到…… add to增加。
add up把……加起来；说得通，言之有理；积得很多。
add up to加起来(合起来)，总计；意味着。
add up your score and see how many points you get.
把你的分数加起来看看得了多少分。
his whole school education add up to (合计)no more than one year.
5,go through通过；仔细察看get through结束，完成；接通**。
look through浏览；预习；看穿。
6, on purpose故意 by accident=by chance偶然；意外地。
by no accident决非偶然 by design故意。
(1) i don’t think he hurt her on purpose/by design （故意）.
2) they met him on the street by accident/chance
他们偶然在街上遇见了他。
3) we hadn’t planned to meet. we met by accident.
7, in order to为了……(可用于句首) so as to为了（不用于句首）
in order that以便（接从句） so that以便（接从句）
he worked late into the nightso as to/in order to earn enough money.
he worked late into the night in order that he could earn enough money.
8, while walking the dog=while you were walking the dog。当while, when, before, after等引导的时间、条件、让步状语从句中的主语与主句的主语一致，且从句中谓语动词又含有be的某种形式时，可将从句中的主语和be动词省略。
9, 强调句型的基本结构：it is/was+被强调成分+that/who/whom+其他成分。强调句型用来强调主语、宾语和状语等成分。
that只起连接作用，不作成分，但不能省略；当被强调部分为人作主语时可用who,也可用that,作宾语时用whom,其他情况一律用that。如果要强调not…until结构时，需用“it is/was not until…that…”。that从句中的谓语动词用肯定形式。
it was not until 12 o’clock thati went to bed.
unit2 english around the world
1, base sth. on sth.以某事物作为另一事物的基础 be based on/upon以……为基础。
success is based on good effort.
2, command sb. to do命令/指挥/统率某人做……take command of控制……
command + that clause 命令/要求……(从句谓语用(should) do)
under one’s command在某人的控制之下 h**e a good command of精通/掌握……
3, recognize sb./one’s voice认出某人/听出某人的声音
recognize be/as...承认某人是…… it is recognized that...人们公认。
2)drug was not recognized as a problem then.
毒品在那时没有被认为是一个问题。
4, come up with提出(计划、答案) come across(偶然)遇见 come about发生。
come on来临，出场；（口语）快点come out出现，出版；显露；结果是。
come to总计；达到come up 走近；上来；发芽，发生；(被)提出；(太阳、月亮等)上升。
5, make good (full) use of好好利用 make the most of充分利用
take advantage of利用；使用， we should make the most of our time.我们应该充分利用时间。
we make use of electricity every day. 我们每天使用电力。
6, such as 用于部分列举，紧跟例词。for example 后跟逗号隔开；that is 相当于in other words意为“也就是说，换句话说”
7, believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard english.
句中“no such ＋ 单数名词”意为“没有这样的……”其中单数名词前不可再加冠词，相当于“not such a/an ＋ 单数名词”。
8, more...than...与其说……倒不如说……
don't be too hard on him. he's more misled than stupid.
不要对他太苛刻，与其说他愚蠢，倒不如说他是被误导了。
more than 多于；不仅仅；超出；非常 no more than 仅仅(具有感**彩)
not more than 不多于(无感**彩) no＋比较级＋than 前者和后者都不……(两者的否定) not＋比较级＋than 前者不如后者……
unit3 tr**el journal
1, prefer + n./ pron.比较喜欢… prefer to do sth.宁愿做某事。
prefer a to b.宁愿……，而不愿… prefer doing a to doing b宁愿做……,而不愿做……
prefer to do rather than do宁愿做……,而不愿做……
2, persuade sb. to do sth.说服某人做某事 persuade sb. into doing sth.说服某人做某事。
persuade sb. out of doing sth.说服某人不做某事
try to persuade sb. to do sth.=advise sb. to do sth.尽力劝说某人做某事(但未必劝服)
3, be determined to do决心去做(侧重于心理状态) determine to do决心去做(侧重动作)
4, give in to向……让步，投降，屈服give up放弃；认输 give off放出，散发(光、热、烟、气、味等) give out分发；（人）精疲力竭；（某物）用完，耗尽。
give away赠送；捐献；分发（奖品等）；泄露（秘密等）
5, it is/was+一段时间+since+从句。
he has studied very hard（ever) since he came to our school.
自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。
6, (1)insist若表示“坚决要求，坚决主张”，其后that引导的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。
i insisted that we（should）tell this to her.
我当时坚持我们该把这事告诉她。
(2)insist若表示“坚持认为，坚持说”，宾语从句多用陈述语气，即谓语应用事情发生的实际时态。 he insisted that he had never stolen anything. 他坚持说自己从没偷过任何东西。
(3)insist on/upon sth./doing sth.坚持某事/做某事。
he insisted on giving me another chance. 他坚持再给我一次机会。
7, 常用(should)＋do构成虚拟语气的动词口诀。
一坚持：insist 二命令：order, command
三建议：advise, suggest, propose 四要求：request, require, demand, desire
request (of sb.) that sb. (should) do sth. 请求……
8, can hardly wait to do something迫不及待地要做某事。
after the exam，most students could hardly wait to know the results.
9, in view of “鉴于；由于”，符合句意。in regard to “关于”；in spite of “尽管”；in case of “万一”
unit4 earthquakes
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