1. 短语动词的辨析;
2. 英语句子的基本句型结构;
3. 初中阶段主要句型的用法。
名师点睛】短语动词是中考的重要内容之一。在初中阶段,我们已经学习了不少短语动词,把他们加以归纳总结,进行重点复习是十分必要的。英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体,其用法有的相当于及物动词,有的相当于不及物动词,有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。
1. 短语动词的分类。
1)动词+介词。
常见的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如:
don’t laugh at others.
tom asked his parents for a bike.
2)动词+副词。
常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in,等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,既可放在副词前边,又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则要放在副词前边。如:
you’ll hand in your homework tomorrow.
please don’t forget to hand it in.
3)动词+副词+介词。
常见的有 go on with, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:
go on and i’ll catch up with you in five minutes.
after a short rest, he went on with his research work.
4)动词+名词+介词。
常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:
you should pay attention to your handwriting.
we should make full use of our time.
5)动词+形容词。
常见的有le**e open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,则宾语可放在形容词的前边,也可放在后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则必须放在形容词前边。如:
the prisoners were set free.
he cut it open.
6)动词+名词。
常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如:
this story took place three years ago.
i make friends with a lot of people.
2. 短语动词的辨析。
1)be made in(在……生产或制造),be made of(由……组成或构成)
2)e down(下来;落),e along(来;随同),e to oneself(苏醒),e true(实现),e out(花开;发芽;出现;出来),e over(过来;顺便来访),e in(进来),e on(来吧;跟着来;赶快), e up with(找到;提出)
3)do one’s best(尽最大努力), do well in(在……干得好), do one’s homework(做作业),do some reading(阅读)
4)fall asleep(入睡),fall behind(落在…。.后面),fall off(从……掉下),fall down(到下;跌倒)
5)get down(下来;落下),get on(上车),get to(到达),get up(起床),get back(回来;取回),get off(下来),get on well with(与……相处融洽),get married(结婚),get together(相聚)
6)give up(放弃),give…a hand(给与……帮助),give a concert(开**会)
7)go back(回去),go on(继续),go home(回家),go to
o bed(睡觉),go over(过一遍;仔细检查),go out(外出;到外面),go wrong(走错路),go on doing(继续做某事),go shopping(买东西),go boating(去划船), go fishing(去钓鱼),go hiking(去徒步旅行),go skating(去滑冰),go straight along(沿着……一直往前走)
8)h**e a look(看一看), h**e a seat(坐下), h**e supper(吃晚餐), h**e a rest(休息), h**e sports(进行体育活动), h**e a cold(感冒), h**e a cough(咳嗽), h**e a good time(过得愉快), h**e a headache(头痛),h**e a try(尝。
试;努力)9)look for(寻找),look out(留神; 注意),look over(仔细检查),look up(向上看;抬头看),look after(照顾; 照看),look at(看; **),look like(看起来像),look the same(看起来像),10)make friends(交朋友),make phone calls(打**),make money(赚钱),make the bed(整理床铺),make a noise(吵闹),make a faces(做鬼脸),make one’s way to(往……走去),make room for(给……腾出地方),make a decision(做出决定),make a mistake(犯错误),make up one’s mind(下决心)
11)put on(上演;穿上;戴上),put up(挂起;举起),put down(把某物放下来),put away(把某物收起来), put off(推迟)
12)take off(脱掉衣服),take photos(照相),take time(花费时间),take out(取出),take a seat(坐下),take an active part in(积极参加),take care of(照顾;照料;注意),take exercise(做运动),take one’s place(坐某人的位置;代替某人的职务),take turn(轮流)
13)talk about(谈话;交谈),talk with(和……交谈)
14)turn on(打开电灯,收音机,煤气,自来水等),turn off(关上电灯,收音机,煤气,自来水等),turn down(关小;调低),turn…over(把…。.翻过来)
15)think of(认为;想起),think about(考虑)
3.句子的基本句型结构。
根据句子所用动词的不同,句子可归纳为五个基本句型。
1)主语+连系动词+表语。例如:
my mother is a doctor.
her voice sounds nice.
2)主语+不及物动词。例如:
he runs fast.
we study hard.
3)主语+及物动词+宾语。例如:
children often sing this song.
he studies english.
1)常用-ing形式, 而不用不定式作宾语的动词有:enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practise, keep, suggest, mind等。例如:
she enjoys reading novels and swimming.
i finished reading the book last night.
2)常用不定式,而不用-ing形式作宾语的动词有:wish, hope, agree, plan, decide, refuse等。例如:
where do wish to sit?
tom agreed to lend some money.
3)有些及物动词既可用不定式,由可用-ing形式作宾语,但意义不同。这类动词常见的有:remember, forget等。例如:
please remember to post the letter for me.
请记住替我发了这封信。
i remember posting the letter.
我记得那封信寄过了。
stop的用法同上面的词相仿,不过stop后面跟不定式不是作宾语,而是作状语。试比较下列句子:
he stopped to smoke. 他停下来吸烟。
he stopped smoking. 他停止吸烟了。
4)有些及物动词的宾语,既可用不定式,又可用-ing形式,意义基本相同。这类动词常见的有:like, love, hate, begin, start, continue等。
例如:i like to swim in summer.
i like swimming in summer.
4)主语+及物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语。例如:
my father bought me a new bike.
he g**e me an apple.
1)及物动词之后跟有双宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物。指人的为间接宾语,指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下,间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后。如果要。
把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,间接宾语前需加介词。例如:
please pass me a cup of tea.= please pass a cup of tea to me.
show me your new book, please. =please show your new book to me.
2)把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,间接宾前有时加介词to, 有时加介词for,这主要取决于谓语动词。一般在动词give, tell, sell, lend, show之后加to。在动词buy, make, get等之后加for。
例如:would you lend me your dictionary, please? =would you lend your dictionary to me, please?
tom’s mother bought him a pair of new shoes. =tom’s mother bought a pair of new shoes for him.
5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。例如:
we keep our classroom clean and tidy.
i hear someone singing in the next room.
1)及物动词指后跟有复合宾语,一个是宾语,一个是宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如:
we call him jack.
don’t get your hands dirty.
2)在及物动词之后,用不定式作宾语补足语和用-ing形式作宾语补足语表示。
的意思往往不同。用不定式作宾语补足语指事情的全过程;用-ing形式作。
宾语补足语指正在进行的动作的一部分。例如:
i heard him sing that song. (我听他唱过那首歌。)
when i came back, i heard him singing in the room.
我回来时,听见他正在房间里唱歌。)
3)在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at使役动词let, make, h**e等的复合宾语种,不定式须省去to。但变为被动句时,省去的to要加上。例如:
i saw him go into the room.
he was seen to go into the room.
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