一、 掌握写作技能，知道该怎样动手。
写作涉及的问题很多，除了语言各方面的问题外，还有思想内容和所用材料、组织条理、书写格式等。
1、 掌握各种体裁文章格式
（1） 记叙文（narration）
这是最普遍、最基本的一种文体。写作中应遵循以下几点。〈1〉交待要素，即人、时、地、事。
〈2〉按事件发生的先后顺序叙述完整、具体。〈3〉要重点突出，目的明确。记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事，原则上通常用过去时态写。
（2） 说明文(exposition)、描写文(description)
这是英文常见的两种文体，以解说和描述为主要表达方式。
（3） 日记 (diary)
这是把自己当天生活中经历的有意义的事以及见闻或感受记录下来的书面形式。文体自由，通常用第一人称写。
格式如下：
a. oct 26 , 1999 wednesday fine
it is two months since i began this diary…….
b. friday may 1st cloudy
today is may day ……
(注意：常用以表示天气的词有fine, cloudy, rainy, windy, snow等)
12月21日是星期天，天气晴朗。上午9：00你在去看电影的路上遇到一位外宾。
他不知道去邮局怎么走，显得很着急。你走上前告诉他怎么走，他很感激。虽然你看电影迟到了，但你并不介意，你为能用英语与外国人交谈感到高兴。
字数40-60个。"
december 21st , sunday fine
when i was on my way to the cinema at 9:00. i met a foreign visitor.
he didn't know how to get to the post office. he looked worried. so i went over and told him the way.
he said "thank you" to me. i was late for the film, but i didn't mind. i'm glad that i can talk with a foreigner in english.
(4)书信（letters）
一般分为私人信函（personal letters）和正式信函（business letters）。英文书信从信封到正文，其格式与汉语有许多不同。书信由以下几个部分构成：
a. 信头（heading）
寄信人地址和写信日期，写在信封右上角，地址由小到大。
例：no. 19 middle school
320 denshan road
nanchang, jiangxi
china, 330006
august 28 2000
b. 信内地址（inside address）
收信人姓名地址在左上方，位置比信头低一至二行。私人信件一般不写信内地址。
c. 称呼（greeting/salution）d. 正文（body）e. 结束语（ending）f. 签名（signature）
5)通知和便条（notice , note）
一般至少有口头通知、书面通知两种形式，至少包括：1、时间，2、地点，3、活动内容。
便条一般有留言条，请假条。特点是：格式简单，开门见山，三言两语。
例如： a. attention, please. i h**e something to tell you……
b. notice
all the league members are requested to meet in classroom 403 on
monday(sep. 25th) at 5:00 to discuss the sports meeting.
c. telephone message
from: lilei to: tom
date: sep. 19th time: 8:00
message: please go to the museum with lilei tomorrow at 9:00 by bus.
hello, everyone. i h**e something to tell you. it is sunday tomorrow.
we're going to visit the monkey island. there we can see the animals and we'll climb the hill. we will go there by bus.
let's meet at half past seven at school gate. we'll h**e lunch at the monkey island. so please bring some food with you.
that's all. thank you.
(6)其它
除上述常见文体外，还有补全对话，**对话，寻物启事等。
学生要掌握上述文体格式，尤其是考试常用文体，如书信、日记、通知、记叙文、留言条等。
素材： (1) proverbs:
do in rome as romans doeast or west, home is best.
rome was not built in a dayhome is where the heart is.
(2)useful structure
a. it is time for sb. to do sth. b. i would like to……
c. it takes sb. some time/ some money to do sth.
(3)good sentences
a. thank you for teaching us so well. b. best wishes for teachers' day.
c. it's really nice of youd. i hope everything goes well.
4)连词的应用：并列关系：and, as well as, or… 转折关系：but, yet, how－ever…；
时间关系：when ,while, after, before, then, after that…；
因果关系：so，there－for，as a result…；
目的：in order to，in order that，so as to, so that…；列举：for example ,such as…；
总结性：in general, in all, in a word, generally speaking…
5)结构：
first, a. second, b. third, c.
firstly, a. secondly, b. finally, c.
first of all, a. in addition, b. last but not least, c.
6)积累常用过渡词、过渡词组、以及句型套路。
表示“接着、不久”有：soon, in a short time, shortly afterwards, soon afterwards, soon after that, before long, anon, followed by sth., it was not long before…等表示“其次”有：
in addition, besides, furthermore, moreover等
表示“个人观点”的句型有：i believe / think that…/i am greatly convinced that…
i am assured that…/in my opinion, in my view, from my point of view, to my mind等
书信常用开头有：i’m glad / pleased to hear from you./it is so great to receive your letter.
/it is such a pleasure to receive your letter of mar. 25.
i am terribly sorry to h**e taken so long to reply to your last letter.
i hope this letter finds you in good health.
7)开头：1、名人名言a proverb says, “you are only young once.”
as everyone knows, no one can deny that…
2．数字统计 according to a recent survey …/a recent statistics shows that …
8)结尾1.如此结论
obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that
更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus
更多句型： thus, it can be concluded that…, therefore, we can find that…
2．如此建议：accordingly, i recommend that some measures be taken.
consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.
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