初中英语语法之句子的种类。
英语中的句子按其使用目的，句子可分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、和感叹句。
按语法结构，句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
下面简单地用例子展示一下这几类句子：
陈述句：this is a dog. 疑问句：is this a dog? 祈使句：open your eyes!
感叹句：what a beautiful building it is!
简单句：i am studying. 并列句：
i was born in a small village and i lived there for nearly ten years. 复合句：as soon as i get there, i’ll call you.
各种句子的解析：
一．陈述句。
凡是说明一件事情，提出一个看法，或者是表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句，陈述句可以用肯定式和否定式。陈述句句末用句号“.”通常用降调。
1.含有 be 动词的肯定句和否定句。
句型结构：主语+be动词+..否定主语+be动词+not+..
i am a student. 否定 i am not a student.
they were at home yesterday. 否定 they weren’t at home yesterday.
i was good at english. 否定 i wasn’t good at english.
进行时和被动语态都有be 动词，它们的否定句同样在be动词后面加“not”。
they are cleaning the room. 否定 they aren’t cleaning the room.
the child was looked after by somebody. 否定 the child was not looked after by anybody.注注：
将来时（will，shall）、完成时及情态动词的被动语态的否定句不能对be动词进行否定。
they will be punished because of this thing.否定 they will not be punished because of this thing.
tom has been told to work hard. 否定 tom hasn’t be told to work hard.
he can be kicked off . 否定 he can’t be kicked off.
2. 含有情态动词的肯定句和否定句。
句型：主语 + 情态动词 + 动词原形+..否定主语 +情态动词 + not动词原形+..
i can do it by myself. 否定 i can’t do it by myself
一般过去时：i could do it by myself. 否定 i couldn’t do it by myself
you must take the books out. 否定 you mustn’t take the books out.
mary should talk back to her pen pal. 否定 mary shouldn’t talk back to her pen pal.
3. 含有一般行为动词的肯定句和否定句。
一般现在时句型结构：主语 + 动词原形或三单形式 + 否定主语 + don’t /doesn’t +动词原形+..i go shopping every three days.
否定 i don’t go shopping every three days.
he does his homework every day. 否定 he doesn’t do his homework every day.
一般过去时句型结构：主语 + 动词的过去式形式 + 否定主语 + didn’t +动词原形+..they used to live in shanghai.
否定 they didn’t use to live in shanghai
they had the class-meeting yesterday afternoon.否定 they didn’t h**e the class-meeting yesterday afternoon
4.现在完成时的肯定句和否定句。
句型结构：主语 + h**e/has+ 动词的过去分词+… 否定主语 + h**e/has+ not + 动词的过去分词+……
i h**e already finished reading the book. 否定 i h**en’t finished reading the book yet.
he has already had his breakfast. 否定 he hasn’t had his breakfast yet
5.过去完成时的肯定句和否定句。
句型结构：主语 + had + 动词的过去分词+….否定主语 + hadn’t + 动词的过去分词+..
he had finished reading the book by the end of last month. 否定 he hadn’t finished reading the book by the end of last month.
6.否定结构应注意事项。
1) 使用not 的部分否定。
含有not的句子，如果使用了very, always以及不定代词all, both, every及every的复合词，则表示部分否定。
i don’t play football very well. it isn’t always hot here in summer.
2)not的其他否定表示。
not… at all 一点也不… i’m not tired at alli don’t like it at all.
not…any more, not… any longer 再也不…i don’t live here any longer. =i no longer live here.
i can not eat any more. =i can eat no more.
3)使用not 以外的否定词表示否定
用no表示：no+名词= not any… 一点也不… there is no wind. =there is not any wind.
never 绝不i will never forget you. he has never been abroad.
few / little 几乎没有 few people understand the difference. i h**e little money.
no one = nobody 无人no one knows the answer.= nobody knows the answer.
nothing = not anything 什么也没有 i h**e nothing to do today.
none of …没有任何人；什么也没有 none of them can answer eat none of the food.
含有否定副词seldom /hardly的句子 he can hardly write his name. we seldom watch tv.
too…to…(太…而不….)的句型表示否定 he is too old to work.
不定代词的肯定和否定形式。
二．祈使句。
表示请求、命令、建议等。句子没有时态变化，谓语动词一律用原形。句子中通常不用主语，句末用感叹号或者句号，用降调。
1.含有第二人称主语的祈使句，说话的对象很明确，所以省略了“you”
be carefuldon’t make such a noise.
1)肯定的祈使。
句型动词原形stand upbe quiet, please.
有时，为了加强语气，可以在动词之前加do. do sit down. do study hard.
用客气的语气表示祈使句时，可在句首或句尾加上please,但如果在句尾加 please时，那在please之前一定要加一个逗号go this way, please.
祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号“，”隔开，放在句首或句尾。
li ming, come herecome here, li ming.
2)否定的祈使句
句型 don’t +动词原形+…
don’t swim in the river. don’t be lateplease don’t be noisy.
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