(二)疑问句
按结构可分为四种
1.一般疑问句:
1)用yes,no来回答的疑问句。
2)往往把be,助动词,情态动词置于句首。
3)在一般疑问句中,如果提问人对答案没有肯定或否定的意向,句中常用非肯定词,如:
is there anything wrong with your car?
如果提问人对答案有肯定的意向,即希望得到肯定的回答,则在该用非肯定词的地方用肯定词,如: would you like some drink?因此,在招待客人或向人表示乐意提供帮助时,通常用some代替any。
2.特殊疑问句:
用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子,不用yes,no回答。
1)疑问词作句子的宾语、状语、表语或修饰这三种成份时,用疑问词+一般疑问句,
如: when will you go?
2)疑问词作主语或主语的定语时,与陈述句的顺序相同,
如: whose father works in shanghai?
who is on duty today?
3.反意疑问句
1)构成:陈述句 + 简略问句
肯定否定 否定肯定
简略问句的主语与陈述句保持一致,只能用人称代词 (there除外),简略问句的谓语动词也与陈述句保持一致,如果是否定,一定要用简写。如:
jim isn't a student, is he?/there are some books in it, aren't there?
2)陈述部分i'm...结构,疑问部分一般用aren't i,如:
i'm late, aren't i?
3)陈述句中有little, few, no, never, nothing, nobody, hardly等词表示否定时,简略问句用肯定。
4)陈述句中有指物的不定代词nothing, something, anything时,简短问句中用代词it,陈述句中有指人的不定代词everyone, no one, someone, everybody, nobody, anybody时,简短问句中用代词he或they,如:everyone is here, aren't they/isn't he?
5)陈述句的主语是指示代词this, that等时,疑问部分的主语在形式上与前者不同,但在逻辑上却与前者一致,如:this is very important, isn't it?
6)陈述部分如果是“i (don't) think (believe, suppose...宾语从句”时,疑问部分中的动词和主语应与宾语从句中的主语和动词保持一致,如:i don't believe she knows it, does she?
7)含有情态动词must的句子表示猜测时,疑问部分与must后面部分一致,不能用mustn't,如:you must be tired, aren't you?当must表示“有必要”时,疑问部分用needn't,如:
you must go home right now, needn't you?当mustn't表示禁止时,疑问部分一般用must,如:
you mustn't walk on grass, must you?
8)祈使句的反意疑问句
肯定祈使句 +will you/won't you?
否定祈使句 +will you?
let's...shall we?(包括对方)
let us...will you?(不包括对方)
9)感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式,并用be的一般现在时,如:
what a lovely girl, isn't she?
10)前面否定后面肯定的反意疑问句在回答时,需根据其实际情况,实际情况是肯定的,则用yes+肯定结构,实际情况是否定的,则用no+否定结构,如:
you can't speak english, can you?
yes, i can(不,我会的)
11)关于“'d”和“'s”
注意比较:
he'd like a cup of tea, wouldn't he?/you'd better go now, hadn't you?
he's never late for school, is he?/he's never been there, has he?
4.选择疑问句:选择疑问句是用or连接询问的两部分,以供选择,答案必须是完整的句子或其省略形式,不能用yes或no回答,如:are you jim or tom?
i'm tom.
三)祈使句
用以表示命令、请求或建议,主语通常省略。
肯定式谓语用动词原形,否定式用“ don't (never)+动词原形”,stand up, please./don't be afraid.
四)感叹句
用以表示快乐、痛苦等强烈感情的句子称为感叹句。
感叹句有用 how或what开头的两种形式。
1.how开头的感叹句
1) how+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语。如:
how beautiful the flower is!
2) how修饰动词,句型是“how+主+谓”,如:
how i wish i could hear beethoven himself play it!
3) how+形容词(副词),省略主语和谓语,如:
how interesting(it is)!
2.what开头的感叹句:
1)what+(a)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语,如:
what a nice horse it is! what fine weather! what good news!
2)what(a)+名词!
what a pity!
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