1. 主系表结构。
表语有三种情况，名词（短语），形容词（短语），介词（短语）；系动词(即be 动词)是“灵魂”，因为人称、单复数、疑问否定都体现在be动词的变化上。
examples:
i am a teacher now.
they were in australia ten years ago.
mr. smith is very kind.
is mr. smith very kind?
mr. smith isn’t (is not) very kind.
they will be husband and wife next month.
will they be husband and wife next month?
they won’t (will not) be husband and wife next year.
i h**e been here for ten years.
2. 主谓（宾）结构。
当谓语动词是及物动词时，构成主谓宾结构；当谓语动词是不及物动词时，够成主谓结构。在这种结构中，普通的实义动词(也就是谓语动词)是“灵魂”，因为它体现了人称、单复数和时态的变化，但它并不能独立完成否定和疑问， 必须借助助动词。(我们已经学过的助动词有do/does, did, h**e/has, will)
examples:
i h**e bread and eggs for breakfast. (主谓宾结构)
h**e 是及物动词，bread and eggs 是宾语)
he usually swims for two hours a day. (主谓结构)
swim 是不及物动词)
the students spend half an hour reading in the morning.
do the students spend half an hour reading in the morning?
the students don’t (do not) spend half an hour reading in the morning.
he worked in a factory last year.
did he work in a factory last year?
he didn't work in a factory last year.
we h**e finished our task.
h**e you finished your task?
we h**en’t (h**e not) finished our task.
he will go abroad next year.
will he go abroad next year?
he won’t (will not) go abroad next year.
3. there be 结构。
be 动词是“灵魂”，因为它体现句子的人称、单复数、疑问和否定。
examples:
there is a book on the desk.
is there a book on the desk?
there isn’t (is not) a book on the desk.
there are two pens in the box.
there was a dog under the tree.
was there a dog under the tree?
there wasn’t (was not) a dog under the tree.
there will be a meeting this saturday.
there won’t (will not) be a meeting this saturday. won’t
there h**e been plenty of problems.
there h**en’t been plenty of problems.
改错：1. he wasn’t like his work very much.
2. there h**e two boxes of books under the bed.
3. look, the cat walking along the wall.
4. do exercise every day is good for our health.
5. too fat or too thin is not healthy.
6. the picture of my best friend on the table.
7. how can we improve our oral english is a problem.
8. he came to ask how could i read 4 english novels within a week?
9. there be great changes that shock foreigners who came to visit china.
10. mr. smith, the famous expert on medicine, suggest, in his recent research, that our responses to medicine, to some extent, is closely related to our mental status.
keys:1. he didn’t like his work very much.（实义动词的否定需要助动词而不是be 动词)
2. there are two boxes of books under the bed. (h**e与there be 都表示“有”，但勿混用)
3. look, the cat is walking along the wall. (现在进行时的两部分be 和doing缺一不可)
4. doing exercise every day is good for our health. (动词原形不能做主语)
5. being too fat or too thin is not healthy. (形容词不能做主语)
6. the picture of my best friend is on the table. (主系表结构中be动词不可缺)
7. how we can improve our oral english is a problem. (从句做主语时，即在主语从句中，如果该从句含有疑问义，则该从句要用陈述语序，而不能用疑问语序)
8. he came to ask how i could read 4 english novels within a week? (从句做宾语时，即在宾语从句中，如果该从句含有疑问义，则该从句要用陈述语序，而不能用疑问语序)
9. there were great changes that shocked foreigners who came to visit china. (there be 结构中的be动词是有自己的时态和人称形式的；一个句子中的时态要保持一致)
10. mr. smith, the famous expert on medicine, suggests, in his recent research, that our responses to medicine, to some extent, are closely related to our mental status.
(这个句子主要是错在词形上，错误的原因是没有厘清句子的主干，划线部分就是该句的主干，显而易见，这个句子是一个主谓宾结构，主语是mr. smith, 那么谓语suggest 就得用单三人称形式，that引导的是个宾语从句，做句子的宾语，在这个宾语从句中，our responses to medicine 是主语， 为复数，那么，be 动词只能选择are。)
总结：这一讲主要告诉大家，无论句子有多长多复杂，它总是属于这三种基本句式中的一种，遇到长句难句时，通过划分句子成分，你就很容易找到句子的主干并理解句子的意思了。另一点需要大家注意的是句子成分问题，大家知道，英语中主要有以下句子成分，比如：
主语，谓语，宾语，定语，状语，补语，表语，等等。在简单的句子中，这些成分只要用一个单词或词组就能表示了，但在较复杂的句子中，单词或词组不足以把意义表达完全，所以要用一个句子来做相应的句子成分，这样一来，我们就有了相应的从句：用来做主语的句子叫主语从句，做宾语的句子叫宾语从句，做定语的句子叫定语从句，等等。
（注意：英语中，谓语一般是一个动词或动词词组，没有谓语从句。）
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