动词的时态。
在英语中，由于谓语动作发生的时间不同，或表达不同时间存在的状态，谓语动词都要发生相应的变化。这些动词的形式就叫做动词的时态。
英语动词的时态共有16种，列表如下：(以动词write为例)
被动语态的构成。
被动语态由助动词be加过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。构成被动语态的一般疑问句时，须将第一个助动词移至主语之前，构成被动语态的否定句时，助动词后须加not. 各个时态的被动形式列表如下：
(以动词teach为例)
英语被动语态讲解。
1）语态的基本概念和种类。
语态是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。所以英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。语态有两种：
主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
如：they built the bridge.
the bridge was built by them.
二)被动语态的构成。
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。
歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。
情态动词的被动语态是常考的一个知识点：情态动词+be+过去分词。
三)被动语态的用法。
1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如：
some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
this book was published in 1981. 这本书出版于2023年。
2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：
the window was broken by mike. 窗户是迈克打破的。
this book was written by him. 这本书是他写的。
eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed. 每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。, 四）主动语态变被动语态的方法与注意事项 ,
1) 通常的办法是：将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，将主动结构中的谓语动词变为“be / get +过去分词”形式，将主动结构中的主语变为介词by的宾语(若动作的执行者没有必要说明则可以省略该by短语)。如：
li lei planted the tree last year. →the tree was planted by li lei last year. 这棵树是李蕾去年栽的。
workers made the machines in changsha. →the machines were made in changsha. 这些机器是长沙造的。
2) 将含有复合宾语的句子变为被动语态时，应将宾语变为被动结构的主语，而宾语的补足语则留在原处成为主语补足语。如：
he painted the door green yesterday. →the door was painted green yesterday. 昨天门被漆成绿色了。
注意：表示“使、让”的动词make, h**e等，以及感官动词see, watch, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等，在主动语态中，接不定式做宾语补足语时，不定式前的 to 要省略，而变为被动语态时，成为主语补足语的不定式，则必须带to。如：
i saw him go into the teachers’ office. →he was seen to go into the teachers’ office.
看见他进入了教师办公室。
3) 带双宾语的句子变为被动语态时，既可将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，而在间接宾语前加to 或for留在动词之后；也可将间接宾语变为被动结构的主语，而直接宾语留在动词之后。但一般采用后一种用法。如：
he g**e me the pen last year. →i was given the pen last year. /the pen was given to me last year.
这支笔是去年给我的。
说明】一般说来，间接宾语前带to的动词有：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, post, send, show, take, teach, tell, write, throw等；间接宾语前带for的动词有：book, buy, call, cook, do, get, make, s**e等。
4) 动词believe, consider, declare, expect, know, report, say, suppose, think等的被动语态，常有两种结构形式。如：
he was said to get hurt in the car accident. 人们说他在车祸中受伤了。
it was said that he got hurt in the car accident. 人们说他在车祸中受伤了。
5) 短语动词变被动语态时，短语动词后面的介词或副词不能省略。如：
she has never been operated on before. 她从未动过手术。
the baby was looked after by her sister. 这婴儿由她的姐姐照顾。
his plan was laughed at by everyone. 他的计划大家都嘲笑。
6）动词不定式的被动语态：即把to do 变成to be done
五）不用被动语态的情况。
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：
appear, die, disappear, end , fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand ,break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
after the fire, very little remained of my house.
比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
(错) the price has been risen.
(对) the price has risen.
(错) the accident was happened last week.
(对) the accident happened last week.
(错) the price has raised
(对) the price has been raised.
(错) please seat
(对) please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, h**e, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
this key just fits the lock.
your story agrees with what had already been heard.
3) 系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn .
it sounds good.
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life .
she dreamed a bad dream last night.
5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
(对) she likes to swim.
(错) to swim is liked by her.
二、复习时需要注意的要点。
1）由主动语态改为被动语态的步骤：
主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态句中的主语；
主动语态句中的动词改为相应的被动语态；
主动语态句中的主语变为被动语态句中by的宾语。
2）主动语态句中的谓语动词带有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语时，转换方法有两种：①把间接宾语转化为主语，保留直接宾语。
把直接宾语转化为主语，保留间接宾语。此时，一般需在间接宾语前加适当的介词。
3）在短语see sb. do sth. 中，动词see后跟不带to的不定式作宾补。
改为被动语态时要加上to。用于这一结构的谓语动词一般是表示知觉的动词如see, hear等，以及使役动词make, let等。
各种时态的被动语态举例
1．一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）
english is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。
class meeting is held every thursday. 每周四都举行班会。
the classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。
2．一般过去时(was/ were +done)
the cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。
he was s**ed at last. 他最终获救了。
my bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。
3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
a speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。
a new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。
i thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)
the machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。
the problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。
a bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。
5．现在完成时(h**e/ has been + done)
two hundred trees h**e been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。
the book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。
several soldiers h**e already been killed in the conflict. 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。
6．过去完成时(had been+done)
they said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。
she found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。
he had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.
他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。
第三节巩固练习。
.把下列主动语态改为被动语态：
1． we often use a recorder in our english class.
2． they will show a new film next week.
3． when did they build the house?
4． i saw the boy enter the room.
5． will they show a new film next week?
6． h**e they posted the letter yet?
7． we often see him help his classmate.
8． you must turn off the light before you go to
9． who is repairing the bike?
10． the student should learn all the texts by heart.
.选择填空：
1. the reading roomyesterday afternoon.
a. cleaned b. is cleaned c. was cleaning d. was cleaned
2. the workers were madeten hours a day.
a. work b. to work c. working d. worked
3. foodin a cool place in summer.
a. must keep b. mustn’t keep c. must be kept d. mustn’t be kept
4. his fatherto work in hong kong 3 years ago.
a. sent b. was sent c. has sent d. has been sent
5. the penwell.
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