英语语法复习——定语从句。
考点知识清单。
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。因为它起的作用相当于一个形容词,所以又叫形容词性从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,从句放在先行词后由关系代词或关系副词引导。
关系代词、关系副词所起的作用有三个:1.起连接主从句的作用;2.代替先行词;3.在从句中作成分。如何使用关系代词、关系副词是根据先行词及其在从句中所充当的成分确定的。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。关系副词在定语从句中作状语。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
知识梳理。考点一关系代词引导的定语从句。
关系代词有:that(指人,物),which(指物),who(指人),whom(指人),whose(指人,物),as(指人,物)。
1.关系代词that既可指人也可指物,在从句中作主语,宾语或表语。作主语时不能省略,作宾语或表语时可省略。如:
a plane is a machine that can fly.飞机是一种会飞的机器。(作主语)
let’s ask the man that is reading a book over there.
我们去问一下正在那边看书的那个人。(作主语)
the noodles(that)i cooked were delicious.我做的那些面条好吃极了。(作宾语)
the girl(that)we saw yesterday is jim’s sister. 昨天我们见到的那个女孩是吉姆的妹妹。(作宾语)
after a score of years,john is not the naughty boy(that)he used to be.
二十年后,约翰不再是当年那个淘气的男孩了。(作表语)
2.关系代词which一般指物,在从句中作主语,宾语,偶尔也作定语。作宾语时,可省略。如:
they planted the trees which don’t need much water.
他们种植的那些树木不需要浇太多的水。(作主语)
the fish(which)we bought were not flesh.我们买的鱼都不新鲜了。(作宾语)
they stayed with me for three weeks during which time they drank all my wine.
他们和我一起待了三周,在这期间他们喝光了我所有的酒。(which作time的定语)
3.当先行词指人时使用who或whom,若在句中作主语用who;如果作宾语用whom,但在口语中,常用who代替whom,作宾语可以省略。如:
the foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from canada.
昨天来我们学校参观的那个外国人来自加拿大。(作主语)
he is the man(whom/that/who)i visited last week.他就是我上周去拜访的那个人。(作宾语)
4.whose引导定语从句,先行词可以是人也可以是物,whose在从句中作定语。如:
harry is the boy whose mother is our math teacher. 哈利的母亲是我们的数学老师。(作定语)
h**e you seen a dictionary whose cover is blue? 你见过一本封面是蓝色的词典吗?(作定语)
注意指物时,“whose+名词”结构常可以用“the+名词+of which”或“of which+the+名词”结构来替换,且意思相同。
the house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.
=the house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired.
=the house,of which the roof was damaged,has now been repaired.
屋顶损坏的那所房子现在已经修好了。
5.(1)as作关系代词既指人也指物,引导限制性定语从句。常用于下列结构中:such...
as...so...as...
the same...as...as...
as...如:
such teachers as he knows are all kind to him.他认识的那些老师对他都很好。(作宾语)
such people as h**e made great contributions should be respected. (作主语)
he can lift so he**y a stone as no one else can作宾语)
i want to buy the same book as you bought. (作宾语)
you can take as many books as you need. (作宾语)
注意“the same...as...结构中,as引导定语从句时,as表示“同一类,不同一个”;如果as换成that时,指“同一个”。如:
this is the same watch that i lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢的那块表。
(2)as与which都可作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句,代表主句的整个内容,但也有区别。
①位置不同。as引导的定语从句可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间。而which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后。如:
she was quite right,as harry soon discovered.哈里很快发现,她是对的。
as is known to us all,china is a developing country. 众所周知,中国是一个发展中国家。
he bought his sister a big toy,which delighted her greatly.
他给妹妹买了一个大玩具,这使她非常高兴。
②as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处等。翻译成“正如,正像”。which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句,可以用and this代替,翻译成“这一点,这件事”。
如:as is known to all,china is a country with the largest population in the world.
he sold his bicycle,which surprised me.(=he sold his bicycle,and this surprised me.)
as常用于一些固定结构如as we know/as is known to all(众所周知),as we all can see(正如我们大家都能看到的那样),as has been said before/above(正如前文所述),as might be expected(正如所预料的那样),as is often the case(情况常常是这样)等中,一般不能用which代替as。
③在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语,也可作实义动词的主语,而as只可作系动词be的主语。如:
he married her,which was natural.(可用as代替which) 他和她结婚了,这是很自然的事。
he saw the girl,which delighted him.(不可用as代替which)
as引导的从句在意义上不可与主句相悖,而which引导的从句则不受此限制。如:
mummy treats me like a baby,which i can’t bear.妈妈把我当小孩看待,这是我不能忍受的。
考点二只用that不用which的情况。
先行词具有下列情况之一者,引导定语从句的关系代词通常多用that,不用或少用 which:
1.当先行词为everything,anything,nothing,all,much,little,few等时。如:
everything that can be done has been done.一切能做的都做了。
something之后的关系代词用that,which皆可。
2.当先行词被the only,the very.the last及序数词修饰时。如:
this is the only food(that)i can find for you.这是我能为你找到的仅有的食物。
that is the very book(that)he is looking for.那正是他一直在找的书。
this is the last thing(that)i’ll do.我决不会做这样的事。
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如:
this is the most interesting film(that)i h**e ever seen. 这是我所看过的最有趣的电影。
4.当先行词既包含人又包含物时。如:
they talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
他们谈论他们记得的在学校时的那些事和那些人。
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