it 的用法。
it可用作人称代词、指示代词、先行词及引导词等。
1．人称代词it，是第三人称单数中性，代表前文已提到过的一件事物。如：
1）that vase is valuable. it’s more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。
2）i love swimming. it keeps me fit. 我喜欢游泳，它能使我保持健康。
当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时，也可用it来表示。 如：
3）it’s a lovely baby. is it a boy or a girl? 宝宝真可爱，是男孩还是女孩？
2．虚义it无指代性，常用作没有具体意义的主语，出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如：
4）it is half past three now. 现在是三点半钟。
5）it is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. 这里离最近的医院也有六英里。
6）it was very cold; it snowed and grew dark. 天气很冷；天下着雪，渐渐地变黑了。
3.先行词it.
it充当形式主语或形式宾语，本身无意义，只起一种先行引导的作用，先行词不重读。后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词结构或名词性从句。
1）用作形式主语。
7）it is difficult to translate this article.翻译这篇文章很难。
8）it is getting harder every day for a lazy man to get a living.懒汉谋生是日益困难了。
在上述诸例中，后置的真正主语可以取代先行it的位置，而出现于句首。
to translate this article is difficult.
2）用作形式宾语。
9）i found it difficult to explain to him what happened. 我觉得向他解释清发生了什么事很困难。
10）they kept it quiet that he was dead.他们对他的死保密。
4．it为引导词的强调句型。
以it为引导词的强调句型。它的结构形式是：it+be的一定形式+中心成分+that-/who-从句。如：
11）it was jane that/who called this morning. 是珍妮今天上午打来**。
12）it was a parcel that she brought him. 她带给他的是一个包裹。
根据上下文和语义意图，说话人可以强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语，使之成为信息中心。
13）it was john that/who g**e mary a handbag at christmas.是约翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包。
14）it was mary that john g**e a handbag (to) at christmas.约翰在圣诞节是给玛丽提包的。
15）it was a handbag that john g**e mary at christmas. 约翰在圣诞节给玛丽的是一个提包。
16）it was at christmas that john g**e mary a handbag. 是在圣诞节约翰给了玛丽一个提包。
5．强调句引导词it与先行词it的区别：
比较：17）it is surprising that mary should h**e won the first place. 玛丽本应获得第一名，真令人吃惊！（先行词it）
18）it is mary that has won the first place.是玛丽获得了第一名。（**句引导词it）
1．用先行词it改写下列句子：
1）possibly the joneses will come to the party as well.
2）whether they will come or not doesn’t matter very much.
3）he is quite likely to let you down.
4）you seem to h**e taken a dislike to him.
5）i happen to h**e had some nasty experiences in dealing with him.
6）getting the car on the boat was rather complicated.
7）to be with you here this evening is a great pleasure.
8）you were so kind to invite us.
9）what you say does not matter in the least.
10）how he came to h**e such a valuable painting is a mystery.
2．翻译下列句子：
1）冬天，天色晚得早。(get dark)
2）问她没有用，她什么也不知道。(no use doing sth.)
3）从这儿到车站有两英里（路程）。
4）你见过下冰雹吗？(hail)
5）由你来决定该怎么办？(up to sb.)
6）据说他已去过美国两次了。
7）可惜你错过了那次**会。
8）看来，他很害怕。
9）牛奶已经泼翻，哭也无用。(spilt)（即：作无益的后悔无济于事。）
10）几个月之后我们才又见面。(it was ……before……)
3．用强调句型改写下列句子。（划线部分为中心成分）
1）she has been studying french only for three months.
2）he has painted the windows green.
3）john bought the car from henry.
翻译句子答案：
1）it is getting dark earlier in winter.
2）it is no use asking her because she didn’t know anything about it.
3）it’s two miles from here to the bus station.
4）h**e you seen it hailing?
5）it is up to you decide what to do.
6）it is said that he has been to the twice.
7）it’s a pity that you’ve missed the concert.
8）it seems that he is much afraid.
9）it’s no use crying over spilt milk.
10）it was several months before we met again.
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