冠词（articles）及其用法。
1 a和the之不同用法。
a和the最大的不同，在于a后面的名词不是指定的，而the后面的名词是有所指的。我们不妨看以下的两个句子，他们都是正确的，但意义却不同。
john is a boy.
john is the boy.
john is a boy.〞的意思是〝约翰是一个男孩〞，而〝john is the boy.〞的意思就完全不同了，我们一定曾经提到过某一个男孩子，而约翰就是那个男孩子。
可能的情形是：there is a boy who is very good in mathematics. john is the boy.
please open a window.是指请开一扇窗子，随便哪一扇都可以。
please open the window.〝the window〞一定是指某一扇特定的窗子，也许这间房子里只有一扇窗，也可能他们谈话中曾经提到某一扇窗，〝the window〞就是指那一扇窗。
我们可以再举一个例，假如我们说，〝我们需要一场大雨〞，我们说。
we need a he**y rain.
如果我们说，〝这场雨好大〞，我们说。
the rain is really he**y.
有了这个基本观念以后，我们就很容易了解以下句子中，为什么要用the：
i am going to the train station.
the post office is quite near.
where is the library?
根据这种原则，当我们提到地球，月亮这种独一无二的东西，就必须用the。
除此以外，the还有一个特殊的用途，我们可以在the的后面加一个形容词，使这两个字变成了一个名词，举例来说：the rich＝富人the poor＝穷人the weak＝弱者。
the deaf＝聋人the blind＝盲人。
请注意，以上的名词是复数：
the rich always get richer.
the poor are getting poorer.
the blind are often very sensitive to sounds.
以下是一些用a和the的例子，读者应设法了解句子中为何有时用a，有时用the。
he is a student.
he is the student who can swim very well.
i like to be a teacher.
he is the teacher who taught me english.
the president of the united states in an important person in the world.
i h**e a son and a daughter.
i h**e two sons. this is the son who will be a doctor.
i want to be a teacher who is loved by students.
he is not the person whom we talked about.
there is a boat in the river.
this is the boat which we can use.
the rain is going to stop tomorrow.
we need a good rain.
the weather is really bad.
is there a train station near us?
where is the station?
do you know where the post office is?
there is a post office inside that building.
the library looks so good.
the rich should pay more taxes.
we should pay more attentions to the poor.
the blind can also study computer science now.
the earth is round.
the sun never sets in the british empire.
do you think we can reach the moon?
how large is the universe?
3 冠词使用时的例外。
在以上的两节，我们好像说冠词的使用是有一定规则的，其实不然，例外也不少。在很多情形之下，冠词是要省略的，更麻烦的是，连省略冠词的规则都有例外，应该省的却又不省了。
第一个有关冠词的特殊用法是这样的，假设我们要说〝男生通常不喜欢弹钢琴〞，我们不能说。
boy does not like to play the piano.
而要说。boys do not like to play the piano.
这时，boys的前面，是没有冠词的，理由很简单，我们不能加a，因为boys是复数，我们也不能加the，因为boys并没有指定哪一个男孩，也没有指定哪一种男孩。类似的例子有：
girls are more diligent than boys.
when spring comes, flowers start to bloom.
dogs are often close to their masters.
cats are often quite lazy.
men eat more than women.
professors are all very smart.
a cup of tea
很多名词是不可数的，以下这些名词都是抽象的，因此不可数。
time love pain joy sadness kindness wisdom hope patience
这些抽象名词的前面是不要加冠词的，例子如下：
time flies.（时间过得很快）
we can not live without love.
let there be no hatred.
we must be able to endure pain.
loving others creates joy.
there is sadness in his voice.
can you feel his kindness?
he has wisdom.
there is hope among us.
i am losing patience.
以上的例子，乃是泛指的事物，如果特定的抽象名词，仍要加冠词。例如：
this is the time to cry.
do you feel the pain?
there is a hatred towards was in our society.
everyone can feel the joy of being loved.
we just can not **oid the sadness of losing some loved ones.
he does h**e the patience to listen to long talks.
it is a virtue not to steal.
还有一些不可数的名词，是所谓的物质名词，像。
water fire air metal tea coffee bread butter
如果这些物质名词泛指一般的东西，前面是不要加冠词的，例如。
drinking water is important.
don't play with fire.
we need air to breath.
there is metal in this device.
i don't drink tea.
i like coffee.
father brings bread and butter home every day.
一旦物质名词指特定的东西，前面就要加冠词，例如：
the water in this city is polluted.
there was a fire near our home last night.
the air in this town is getting worse and worse.
copper is a metal.
the tea from india is very popular in england.
专有名词，一般说来都不要加冠词的：
mary is from canada.
john got married last month.
taiwan is an island.
england is in europe.
france is a nice country to visit.
russia is a large country.
park street is the main street in this city.
go to ****ei first.
sun moon lake is a beautiful lake.
january is often very cold here.
sunday is a day for resting.
spring is the best season.
mt. everest is in europe.
president kennedy died when he was young.
king george was considered a mad king.
queen elizabeth visited australia recently.
哪些专门名词前面仍要加冠词the呢？
1) 河流，海洋，沙漠，海峡，海湾等等专有名词的前面都要加the。
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