秘笈10 特殊句式。
考点1 倒装
倒装是英语中常见的一种语言现象，它具有强调、修饰等作用。倒装可分为完全倒装和部分倒装。
一、完全倒装。
完全倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时或一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1. there be句型：其中be可换成live, lie, stand, remain, exist, come, go, seem (appear/ happen/ used) to be等表示＂存在＂意义的词。
there entered a strange little man. 走进来一个奇怪而身材矮小的人。
once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 从前，海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。
2. 以here, there, off, out, in, up, down, away, now, then, on等表示方向、位置或时间、地点的副词开头的句子，谓语是come, go, be等动词时，并且其主语为名词时，通常使用完全倒装。
now, here goes the story. 现在，这个故事是这样的。
then came another question. 然后又一个问题被提出来了。
away flew the bird. 那只鸟飞走了。
suddenly, in came a man with a mask on his face. 突然进来一个蒙着面的男人。
在以there, here, up, down, out, in等副词开头的句子中，当主语是代词时，句子不倒装。
there they are.他们在那边。
3. 表示地点的介词短语，常将其放在句首，构成完全倒装，用于表示强调。此时句子的谓语动词通常是不及物动词，且主语为名词。
in the cottage lives a family of six. 在这间小屋里住着一家六口。
near the bridge was an old cottage. 在桥的附近有一间古老的小屋。
next to this one is another grand hotel which is beautifully decorated.
这家饭店隔壁还有一家装修得很漂亮的大饭店。
on either side of the great **enue stood many buildings. 这条大街的两侧都耸立着许多大楼。
4. 表语(充当表语的可以是形容词、分词、不定式、介词短语、副词等)置于句首，一般是主语较长或结构为较复杂的句子。
gone are the days when he was looked down upon.
他被人瞧不起的日子已经一去不复返了。
in the armchair lay a cat, half asleep. 一只猫躺在扶手椅上，半睡半醒。
standing around the teacher were her students.
老师周围站着的都是她的学生。
also discussed were the problems we had met with in our studies.
同时还讨论了我们在学习中碰到的问题。
first to unfold was the map of the world. 首先要打开的是世界地图。
5. such位于句首。
such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这些。
二、部分倒装。
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词，置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语部分不含有助动词或情态动词时，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1. 为了避免句子内容出现不必要的重复，常用＂so＋be动词/助动词/情态动词)＋主语＂或＂neither/nor＋be动词/助动词/情态动词)＋主语＂的倒装句式。其中第一个句式表示＂与前面所述的肯定情况相同＂，第二个句式表示＂与前面所述的否定情况相同＂。
his brother is a college student, so is mine. 他弟弟是大学生，我弟弟也是。
he used to h**e his further study abroad, so did i. 他曾去国外深造过，我也去过。
one of my friends cannot speak foreign languages, neither can his wife.
我的一个朋友不会说外语，他的妻子也不会。
they are not now preparing for their final examinations, nor are we.
他们没在为期末考试做准备，我们也没有。
表示赞同某人的看法时，用＂so＋s＋do/does/did.＂。
i told you that i would come.我告诉过你我会来的。
so you did.你确实说过。
2. 含有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时(否定词修饰主语除外)，句子通常采用部分倒装。这类词或短语常见的有：
not, never, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, not until...no sooner...than), hardly...
when), not only...but also)。
never h**e my sisters been to hong kong before. 我的妹妹们以前从未去过香港。
so far as i know, seldom does mary come back to see her mother. 就我所知，玛丽很少回来看她妈妈。
nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案的。
by no means are these goods satisfactory. 这些货物一点儿也不令人满意。
not until twelve o’clock did he go to bed last night. 他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。
not only was the city polluted, but (also) the streets were crowded. 不仅城市被污染，而且街道也很拥挤。
not until后接从句时，主句部分倒装，从句不倒装；no sooner...than, hardly...when, not only...
but also中，no sooner, hardly, not only所在的分句/句子部分倒装，后一分句(主句)不倒装，这种结构常用过去完成时。但在neither...nor结构中，前后两个分句均要倒装。
not only did he complain about the food, but also he refused to pay for it. 他不仅抱怨饭菜的质量，而且拒不付款。
hardly had he finished his speech when the audience started cheering. 他刚演讲完，观众便欢呼起来。
3. as, though引导的让步状语从句，其中表语、状语等放在as或though之前。
successful as he is, he is not proud. 尽管他取得了成功，但他并不骄傲。
try as i might, i could not lift the stone. 尽管我用尽力气，我还是举不起这块石头。
too much as/though i like it, i can’t afford it. 虽然我非常喜欢它，但是我却买不起。
as/though引导的让步状语从句具有以下特点：(1)表语提前，形容词最高级前的the、单数可数名词前的a/an要省略。(2)主谓结构的句子，谓语动词(原形)提前时，主语后要补出相应的助动词。
shortest as he is, he is the cleverest of the three. 虽然他是三个人中最矮的，却是最聪明的。
child as he is, he knows some of the family secrets. 尽管他还是个孩子，他却知道家里的一些秘密。 (注意child前无冠词)
4. so/such...that...句型中，so/such部分放在句首，该部分须采用部分倒装。
so serious was the situation that everybody faced a test. 形势如此地严峻，每个人都面临着一场考验。
in such a hurry did she le**e that she forgot to lock the door. 她匆匆离去，以至于忘记了锁门。
5. 句子以were, had, should开头，省略if的虚拟条件句。
had they not helped us, we could not h**e done it so successfully.如果没有他们帮助我们，我们不可能把那件事办得如此成功。
should he come, say ＂nobody in＂ to him. 万一他来了，对他说：＂公司没人。＂
were i you, i would go with them. 我要是你的话，我就跟他们一起去。
6. only与副词、介词短语及状语从句连用放在句首时。
only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次之后，他才来参加会议。
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